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Interaction between noise and cigarette smoking for the outcome of hearing loss among women: A population‐based study
Author(s) -
Ferrite Silvia,
Santana Vilma S.,
Marshall Stephen W.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
american journal of industrial medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.7
H-Index - 104
eISSN - 1097-0274
pISSN - 0271-3586
DOI - 10.1002/ajim.22142
Subject(s) - medicine , hearing loss , audiology , cigarette smoking , noise induced hearing loss , population , noise (video) , noise exposure , environmental health , outcome (game theory) , artificial intelligence , computer science , image (mathematics) , mathematics , mathematical economics
Abstract Background We investigated the interaction between exposure to noise and smoking in relation to prevalence of hearing loss among women. Methods A sample of women aged 20–49 years (n = 1,723) from a population‐based cross‐sectional study carried out in Brazil in 2006 was examined. Hearing loss was assessed using a yes–no validated question. Biological interaction was analyzed using the additive scale and measured with interaction contrast ratio (ICR) and assessment of dose–response relationship. Results The combined effect of exposure to noise and cigarette smoking on hearing loss (adjusted prevalence ratio (PR adj ) = 3.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.81, 5.52) was greater than expected based on the additive single effects of smoking (PR adj = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.81) and noise (PR adj = 2.66, 95% CI: 1.86, 3.82). ICR estimates were not statistically significant. The prevalence of hearing loss among noise‐exposed women increased with duration of smoking ( P trend = 0.026), number of cigarettes smoked per day ( P trend = 0.034), cumulative tobacco use ( P trend = 0.030), and early age at smoking initiation ( P trend = 0.047). Conclusions Noise and smoking may have a combined effect on hearing loss but further studies are still needed. A dose–response relation of smoking for the noise effect among women is suggested. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1213–1220, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.