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Longitudinal study of probable post‐traumatic stress disorder in firefighters exposed to the World Trade Center disaster
Author(s) -
Berninger Amy,
Webber Mayris P.,
Niles Justin K.,
Gustave Jackson,
Lee Roy,
Cohen Hillel W.,
Kelly Kerry,
Corrigan Malachy,
Prezant David J.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
american journal of industrial medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.7
H-Index - 104
eISSN - 1097-0274
pISSN - 0271-3586
DOI - 10.1002/ajim.20894
Subject(s) - medicine , psychological intervention , psychiatry , traumatic stress , occupational safety and health , mental health , pathology
Background Symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been reported even years after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11). Methods We used screening tools to assess the prevalence of probable PTSD in 9/11‐exposed firefighters at two time points, within 6 months of 9/11 (baseline) and 3–4 years post‐disaster (follow‐up). Results Five thousand six hundred fifty‐six individuals completed assessments at both times. 15.5% reported probable PTSD post‐9/11, 8.6% at baseline and 11.1% at follow‐up, on average 2.9 (SD 0.5) years later. Analyses revealed that nearly half of all probable PTSD occurred as delayed onset (absent baseline, present follow‐up). Compared with the resilient group (no probable PTSD at either time), probable PTSD at baseline, and delayed onset at follow‐up were each associated with concomitant functional impairment (OR 19.5 and 18.9), respectively. Conclusion Similar percentages of firefighters met criteria for baseline and delayed onset probable PTSD at follow‐up, years later. Both were associated with substantial functional impairment. Early risk identification could provide opportunities for mental health interventions before symptoms compromise work and social relationships. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1177–1185, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.