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Plasma‐lead concentration: Investigations into its usefulness for biological monitoring of occupational lead exposure
Author(s) -
Bergdahl Ingvar A.,
Gerhardsson Lars,
Liljelind Ingrid E.,
Nilsson Leif,
Skerfving Staffan
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
american journal of industrial medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.7
H-Index - 104
eISSN - 1097-0274
pISSN - 0271-3586
DOI - 10.1002/ajim.20253
Subject(s) - lead (geology) , hemoglobin , hemolysis , lead exposure , medicine , blood plasma , whole blood , lead poisoning , physiology , toxicology , endocrinology , biology , cats , paleontology , psychiatry
Background The lead concentration in plasma is correlated to that in whole blood with a two to fourfold variation. It has never been investigated if this variation is inter‐individual. Methods Lead and hemoglobin were determined in blood and plasma from 13 lead workers with a history of relatively high blood‐lead concentrations, sampled three times during 1 day. The variation in the distribution of lead between cells and plasma was studied, but not the variation in the lead concentrations as such. Results Blood hemoglobin decreased with rising plasma lead (0.9–3.0 µg/L). Regarding the distribution of lead, no effect of current exposure during the day or of recent meals appeared. As much as 84% of the overall variance of the distribution of lead between cells and plasma could be attributed to individual factors. After adjustment for erythrocyte volume fraction this decreased to 67%. Plasma samples with elevated hemoglobin concentrations (due to in vitro hemolysis) had somewhat elevated lead concentrations. Conclusions Plasma lead is not significantly altered by variation in a single day's exposure and, therefore, the choice of time of the day is not critical for sampling. However, plasma lead is negatively correlated to blood hemoglobin and mild hemolysis (not visible by the eye) in a sample may increase plasma lead with up to 30%. Finally, plasma provides lead exposure information that differs from whole blood, but it is not clear which one of these is the biomarker with the closest relation to exposure and/or effects. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:93–101, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.