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Multiple mortality optima due to heterogeneity in the birth cohort: A continuous model of birth weight by gestational age‐specific infant mortality
Author(s) -
Fang Fu,
Stratton Howard,
Gage Timothy B.
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
american journal of human biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.559
H-Index - 81
eISSN - 1520-6300
pISSN - 1042-0533
DOI - 10.1002/ajhb.20607
Subject(s) - gestational age , birth weight , obstetrics , small for gestational age , medicine , live birth , gestation , pregnancy , demography , biology , genetics , sociology
Birth weight and gestational age are both important predictors of infant survival. Covariate Density Defined mixture of logistic regressions (CDDmlr), a method that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity, has been applied to birth outcomes using birth weight alone. This paper investigates a CDDmlr model of birth outcomes that includes birth weight and gestational age. Applications to four birth cohorts, composed of all non‐Hispanic singleton African/European American female/male live births in New York State from 1985–1988, are presented. Multiple birth weight by gestational age optimal (minimal) mortalities are observed in the birth weight by gestational age‐specific mortality surface. Multiple optima have not been mentioned in the published literature, but they do appear in some published plots of birth weight by gestational age mortality. It is possible that misreporting of gestational age contributes to this phenomenon, but it cannot completely explain the locations of the local optima. The global optimum is associated with a “normal” fetal development subpopulation, while the local optima are due to a subpopulation that accounts for most low birth weight, intrauterine growth retarded, pre‐term, post‐term, and small for gestational age births, as well as, births with misestimated gestational ages. These two subpopulations have significantly different birth weight by gestational age‐specific mortality surfaces. Consequently, the presence of multiple optima can be attributed to heterogeneity in the birth cohort. Comparisons of CDDmlr based on birth weight by gestational age and birth weight alone might statistically identify births with “erroneous” gestational age. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:475–486, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.