Past, present, and future of three‐field lymphadenectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer

In spite of repeated appeal of the effectiveness of three‐field lymphadenectomy (3FL) by Japanese esophageal surgeons, it has not been accepted worldwide as a standard therapeutic measure for thoracic esophageal cancer. In this review, a concise summary of the history of 3FL, its present position, and its future perspective is discussed. Although a lack of randomized controlled trial (RCT) is one of the largest criticisms of 3FL, it seems difficult to make 3FL world‐standard even if a RCT with a positive result was made. The essence of 3FL has revealed the fact that bilateral cervical paraesophageal nodes and nodes in the bilateral supraclavicular fossae are regional nodes of thoracic esophageal cancer. To let the world admit this essence should be the real endpoint of “3FL issue” without RCT. In the era of new modalities, Japanese surgeons should be free from the idea that 3FL is indispensable though the essence of 3FL should remain.