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Fast Charging of Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review of Materials Aspects
Author(s) -
Weiss Manuel,
Ruess Raffael,
Kasnatscheew Johannes,
Levartovsky Yehonatan,
Levy Natasha Ronith,
Minnmann Philip,
Stolz Lukas,
Waldmann Thomas,
WohlfahrtMehrens Margret,
Aurbach Doron,
Winter Martin,
EinEli Yair,
Janek Jürgen
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced energy materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.08
H-Index - 220
eISSN - 1614-6840
pISSN - 1614-6832
DOI - 10.1002/aenm.202101126
Subject(s) - anode , materials science , electrolyte , cathode , electrode , lithium (medication) , limiting current , battery (electricity) , separator (oil production) , ion , nanotechnology , electrochemistry , electrical engineering , chemistry , power (physics) , medicine , physics , organic chemistry , quantum mechanics , endocrinology , thermodynamics , engineering
Abstract Fast charging is considered to be a key requirement for widespread economic success of electric vehicles. Current lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) offer high energy density enabling sufficient driving range, but take considerably longer to recharge than traditional vehicles. Multiple properties of the applied anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials influence the fast‐charging ability of a battery cell. In this review, the physicochemical basics of different material combinations are considered in detail, identifying the transport of lithium inside the electrodes as the crucial rate‐limiting steps for fast‐charging. Lithium diffusion within the active materials inherently slows down the charging process and causes high overpotentials. In addition, concentration polarization by slow lithium‐ion transport within the electrolyte phase in the porous electrodes also limits the charging rate. Both kinetic effects are responsible for lithium plating observed on graphite anodes. Conclusions drawn from potential and concentration profiles within LIB cells are complemented by extensive literature surveys on anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials—including solid‐state batteries. The advantages and disadvantages of typical LIB materials are analyzed, resulting in suggestions for optimum properties on the material and electrode level for fast‐charging applications. Finally, limitations on the cell level are discussed briefly as well.