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Ultrahigh Phosphorus Doping of Carbon for High‐Rate Sodium Ion Batteries Anode
Author(s) -
Yan Jie,
Li Haomiao,
Wang Kangli,
Jin Qianzheng,
Lai Chenglong,
Wang Ruxing,
Cao Shengling,
Han Jing,
Zhang Zhuchan,
Su Jinzhao,
Jiang Kai
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced energy materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.08
H-Index - 220
eISSN - 1614-6840
pISSN - 1614-6832
DOI - 10.1002/aenm.202003911
Subject(s) - carbonization , anode , materials science , carbon fibers , doping , phosphorus , adsorption , chemical engineering , oxygen , ion , sodium , inorganic chemistry , nanotechnology , electrode , optoelectronics , organic chemistry , composite material , chemistry , composite number , metallurgy , scanning electron microscope , engineering
Phosphorus doped carbons are of particular interest as anode materials because of their large interlayer spacing and strong adsorption of Na + ions. However, it remains challenging to achieve high phosphorus doping due to the limited choices of phosphorus sources and the difficulty in constructing oxygen‐free synthesis system. Herein, a new synthesis strategy is proposed to prepare ultrahigh phosphorus‐doped carbon (UPC) anodes for high performance sodium ion batteries (SIBs). By using two commonly available, miscible, evaporable liquids in PCl 3 and C 6 H 12 , as phosphorus and carbon sources, an oxygen‐free reaction system is successfully established by N 2 bubbling to simultaneously realize carbonization and in situ P doping. The P content can reach 30 wt%, much higher than most reported P‐doping carbon‐based materials. Furthermore, the doped P is dominated by substitutional P(C 3 ) protrusions in the carbon lattice, which can significantly enlarge the interlayer spacing and enhance the adsorption energy of Na + . When serving as the SIBs anode, the UPC delivers an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 510.4 mAh g −1 with a rational operating voltage of 0.54 V, and the best rate capability of 397.1 mAh g −1 at 10 A g −1 . This new strategy will effectively promote the practical application of hard carbon.