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Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts
Author(s) -
Zhao LingFei,
Hu Zhe,
Lai WeiHong,
Tao Ying,
Peng Jian,
Miao ZongCheng,
Wang YunXiao,
Chou ShuLei,
Liu HuaKun,
Dou ShiXue
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced energy materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.08
H-Index - 220
eISSN - 1614-6840
pISSN - 1614-6832
DOI - 10.1002/aenm.202002704
Subject(s) - anode , materials science , faraday efficiency , electrolyte , nanoarchitectures for lithium ion batteries , lithium (medication) , alkali metal , electrochemistry , commercialization , nanotechnology , ion , carbon fibers , electrode , chemistry , composite material , organic chemistry , business , marketing , medicine , composite number , endocrinology
Hard carbon (HC) is recognized as a promising anode material with outstanding electrochemical performance for alkali metal‐ion batteries including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), as well as their analogs sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent research is presented to interpret the challenges and opportunities for the applications of HC anodes. The ion storage mechanisms, materials design, and electrolyte optimizations for alkali metal‐ion batteries are illustrated in‐depth. HC is particularly promising as an anode material for SIBs. The solid‐electrolyte interphase, initial Coulombic efficiency, safety concerns, and all‐climate performances, which are vital for practical applications, are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, commercial prototypes of SIBs based on HC anodes are extensively elaborated. The remaining challenges and research perspectives are provided, aiming to shed light on future research and early commercialization of HC‐based SIBs.