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Low‐Temperature Growth of Hard Carbon with Graphite Crystal for Sodium‐Ion Storage with High Initial Coulombic Efficiency: A General Method
Author(s) -
Zhao Xun,
Ding Yuan,
Xu Qi,
Yu Xiao,
Liu Yong,
Shen Hui
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
advanced energy materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.08
H-Index - 220
eISSN - 1614-6840
pISSN - 1614-6832
DOI - 10.1002/aenm.201803648
Subject(s) - graphite , materials science , carbon fibers , carbonization , faraday efficiency , chemical engineering , crystal (programming language) , ice crystals , nanotechnology , ion , composite material , electrochemistry , organic chemistry , electrode , chemistry , optics , scanning electron microscope , physics , composite number , computer science , engineering , programming language
Practical application of hard carbon materials in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) is largely limited by their low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), which may be improved by increasing the graphitization degree. However, biomass‐derived hard carbon is usually nongraphitizable and extremely difficult to graphitize by direct heating even at 3000 °C. Herein, a general strategy is reported for fabricating hard carbon materials with graphite crystals at 1300 °C promoted by external graphite that serves as a crystal template for the growth of graphite crystals. The graphite crystals enable the contacted pseudographitic domains with a high‐level ordered structure, large domain size, and low defects, leading to an enhanced ICE. The obtained hard carbon materials with graphite crystals, using the carbonized eggshell membranes, and sucrose‐derived microsphere as precursors, achieve very high ICE of 89% and 91% with reversible capacity of 310 and 301 mA h g −1 , respectively. Therefore, using external graphite to promote high‐level ordering pseudographitic domains at low temperature is quite useful to improve ICE for SIB applications.