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Carbon Nanodot Additives Realize High‐Performance Air‐Stable p–i–n Perovskite Solar Cells Providing Efficiencies of up to 20.2%
Author(s) -
Hsu HsiangLin,
Hsiao HsiangTse,
Juang TzongYuan,
Jiang BingHuang,
Chen ShengChi,
Jeng RuJong,
Chen ChihPing
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
advanced energy materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.08
H-Index - 220
eISSN - 1614-6840
pISSN - 1614-6832
DOI - 10.1002/aenm.201802323
Subject(s) - materials science , energy conversion efficiency , chemical engineering , indium tin oxide , perovskite solar cell , perovskite (structure) , nanotechnology , optoelectronics , thin film , engineering
Carbonized bamboo‐derived carbon nanodots (CNDs) as efficient additives for application in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are reported. These carboxylic acid‐ and hydroxyl‐rich CNDs interact with the perovskite through hydrogen bonds and, thereby, promote the carriers' lifetimes and realize high‐performance p–i–n PSCs having the structure indium tin oxide/NiO x /CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPbI 3 )/PC 61 BM/BCP/Ag. As a result of interactions between the CNDs and the perovskite, the presence of the nonvolatile CND additive increases the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSC from 14.48% ± 0.39% to 16.47% ± 0.26%. Furthermore, adding urea, a Lewis base, increases the PCE to 20.2%—the result of a significant increase in the crystal size and a lower content of grain boundary defects and, therefore, longer carrier lifetimes. Cells containing these two additives (without encapsulation) exhibit excellent shelf‐life and air‐stability, maintaining their high PCEs after storage in air—at a temperature of 25 °C and a humidity of 40%—for over 500 h. This performance is among of the best ever reported for p–i–n PSC devices incorporating carbon‐based additives.