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Nanoscale Elastic Changes in 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) Pseudocapacitive Electrodes
Author(s) -
Come Jeremy,
Xie Yu,
Naguib Michael,
Jesse Stephen,
Kalinin Sergei V.,
Gogotsi Yury,
Kent Paul R. C.,
Balke Nina
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
advanced energy materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.08
H-Index - 220
eISSN - 1614-6840
pISSN - 1614-6832
DOI - 10.1002/aenm.201502290
Subject(s) - materials science , mxenes , electrode , characterization (materials science) , intercalation (chemistry) , nanoscopic scale , electrochemistry , supercapacitor , nanotechnology , inorganic chemistry , chemistry
Designing sustainable electrodes for next generation energy storage devices relies on the understanding of their fundamental properties at the nanoscale, including the comprehension of ions insertion into the electrode and their interactions with the active material. One consequence of ion storage is the change in the electrode volume resulting in mechanical strain and stress that can strongly affect the cycle life. Therefore, it is important to understand the changes of dimensions and mechanical properties occurring during electrochemical reactions. While the characterization of mechanical properties via macroscopic measurements is well documented, in situ characterization of their evolution has never been achieved at the nanoscale. It is reported here with in situ imaging, combined with density functional theory of the elastic changes of a 2D titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) based electrode in direction normal to the basal plane (electrode surface) during alkaline cation intercalation/extraction. 2D carbides, known as MXenes, are promising new materials for supercapacitors and various kinds of batteries, and understanding the coupling between their mechanical and electrochemical properties is therefore necessary. The results show a strong correlation between the cations content and the out‐of‐plane elastic modulus. This strategy enables identifying the preferential intercalation pathways within a single particle, which is important for understanding ionic transport in these materials.