Functional Tumor Targeting Nano‐Systems for Reprogramming Circulating Tumor Cells with In Situ Evaluation on Therapeutic Efficiency at the Single‐Cell Level

Tumor heterogeneity is primarily responsible for treatment resistance and cancer relapses. Being critically important to address this issue, the timely evaluation of the appropriateness of therapeutic actions at the single‐cell level is still facing challenges. By using multi‐functionalized nano‐systems with the delivery vector composed of histone for plasmids loading, hyaluronic acid for tumor targeting, and a fusion peptide for C‐X‐C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4 targeting as well as nuclear localization, the reprogramming of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with in situ detection on biomarkers at the single‐cell level is realized. By efficient co‐delivery of the genome editing plasmid for CXCR4 knockout and molecular beacons for detection of upregulated mRNA biomarkers into CTCs in unprocessed whole blood, the therapeutic outcomes of genome editing at the single‐cell level can be in situ evaluated. The single‐cell analysis shows that CXCR4 in CTCs of cancer patients is efficiently downregulated, resulting in upregulated anticancer biomarkers such as p53 and p21. The study provides a facile strategy for in‐depth profiling of cancer cell responses to therapeutic actions at single‐cell resolution to evaluate the outcomes of treatments timely and conveniently.