Open AccessIonically Conductive Tunnels in h ‐WO 3 Enable High‐Rate NH 4 + Storage
Author(s) -
Zhang YiZhou,
Liang Jin,
Huang Zihao,
Wang Qian,
Zhu Guoyin,
Dong Shengyang,
Liang Hanfeng,
Dong Xiaochen
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
advanced science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.388
H-Index - 100
ISSN - 2198-3844
DOI - 10.1002/advs.202105158
Subject(s) - monoclinic crystal system , ionic bonding , tungsten , materials science , ion , electrical conductor , oxide , charge carrier , tungstate , ionic conductivity , crystal structure , metal , chemical engineering , nanotechnology , crystallography , chemistry , electrode , composite material , optoelectronics , metallurgy , electrolyte , organic chemistry , engineering
Compared to the commonly applied metallic ion charge carriers (e.g., Li + and Na + ), batteries using nonmetallic charge carriers (e.g., H + and NH 4 + ) generally have much faster kinetics and high‐rate capability thanks to the small hydrated ionic sizes and nondiffusion control topochemistry. However, the hosts for nonmetallic charge carriers are still limited. In this work, it is suggested that mixed ionic–electronic conductors can serve as a promising host for NH 4 + storage. Using hexagonal tungsten oxide ( h ‐WO 3 ) as an example, it is shown that the existence of ionic conductive tunnels greatly promotes the high‐rate NH 4 + storage. Specifically, a much higher capacity of 82 mAh g –1 at 1 A g –1 is achieved on h ‐WO 3 , in sharp contrast to 14 mAh g –1 of monoclinic tungsten oxide ( m ‐WO 3 ). In addition, unlike layered materials, the insertion and desertion of NH 4 + ions are confined within the tunnels of the h ‐WO 3 , which minimizes the damage to the crystal structure. This leads to outstanding stability of up to 200 000 cycles with 68% capacity retention at a high current of 20 A g –1 .