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Zirconium Oxide‐Catalyzed Direct Amidation of Unactivated Esters under Continuous‐Flow Conditions
Author(s) -
Rashed Md. Nurnobi,
Masuda Koichiro,
Ichitsuka Tomohiro,
Koumura Nagatoshi,
Sato Kazuhiko,
Kobayashi Shū
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced synthesis and catalysis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.541
H-Index - 155
eISSN - 1615-4169
pISSN - 1615-4150
DOI - 10.1002/adsc.202001496
Subject(s) - chemistry , catalysis , stoichiometry , continuous flow , zirconium , reaction conditions , oxide , organic chemistry , environmentally friendly , flow chemistry , combinatorial chemistry , biochemical engineering , ecology , engineering , biology
A sustainable and environmentally benign direct amidation reaction of unactivated esters with amines has been developed in a continuous‐flow system. A commercially available amorphous zirconium oxide was found to be an efficient catalyst for this reaction. While the typical amidation of esters with amines requires a stoichiometric amount of a promoter or metal activator, the present continuous‐flow method enabled the direct amidation reaction under additive‐free conditions with an extensive diversity towards various functional groups. High yields of the products were obtained with a nearly equimolar proportion of starting materials to reduce byproduct formation, which renders this process applicable for use in a sequential‐flow system.