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Active Tuning of Optical Constants in the Visible–UV: Praseodymium‐Doped Ceria—a Model Mixed Ionic–Electronic Conductor
Author(s) -
Kalaev Dmitri,
Tuller Harry L.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced optical materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.89
H-Index - 91
ISSN - 2195-1071
DOI - 10.1002/adom.202001934
Subject(s) - materials science , ionic bonding , praseodymium , polaron , refractive index , analytical chemistry (journal) , doping , optoelectronics , molar absorptivity , ion , optics , electron , chemistry , physics , chromatography , quantum mechanics , metallurgy
Mixed ionic–electronic conductors offer chemical and electrical means for active tuning of their optical constants, e.g., with variations in oxygen non‐stoichiometry in Pr 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 2– δ , enabling implementation of adaptive thin film optical devices. In situ chemo‐tuning of the extinction coefficient in Pr 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 2– δ at elevated temperatures is demonstrated and a tuning model is provided that treats the interdependence of mobile oxygen vacancies and small polarons coupled to variations in optically active praseodymium ions. Furthermore, a new means for electro‐tuning of the optical constants of mixed ionic–electronic conductors is demonstrated experimentally and modeled for Pr 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 2– δ thin films deposited on grid‐like electrode structures. Modeling of non‐steady‐state optical transmittance modulations in the latter allows for estimation of oxygen vacancy mobility that determines the switching speed of the device. Quenched‐in values of n r and k to room temperature become nonvolatile, providing a modulation range in the extinction coefficient of Δ k ≈ 0.1 (change of ≈800%) and in the refractive index of Δ n r ≈ 0.1 (relative to initial n r of ≈2.35). Key figures of merit, including transmission optical modulation of ≈0.04 per 1 mV nm –1 , switching energy per area of 1.9 nJ µm –2 , and switching times of seconds, are demonstrated, with further improvements possible.