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Effects of External Stimulators on Engineered Skeletal Muscle Tissue Maturation
Author(s) -
Mueller Claudia,
TrujilloMiranda Mairon,
Maier Michael,
Heath Daniel E.,
O'Connor Andrea J.,
Salehi Sahar
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced materials interfaces
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.671
H-Index - 65
ISSN - 2196-7350
DOI - 10.1002/admi.202001167
Subject(s) - skeletal muscle , in vivo , tissue engineering , microbiology and biotechnology , in vitro , self healing hydrogels , regeneration (biology) , stimulation , muscle tissue , materials science , biomedical engineering , biology , neuroscience , anatomy , biochemistry , medicine , polymer chemistry
Engineering functional skeletal muscle tissue is an ongoing challenge because of the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment and the various factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of the native tissue. However, the growing understanding of the natural skeletal muscle's microenvironment in vivo, as well as the ability to successfully reproduce these factors in vitro, are contributing to the formation of engineered skeletal muscle tissues (SMTs) with greater biomimetic structure and function. This review first summarizes the structure of skeletal muscle tissue. The role of various hydrogels, biomaterials, and scaffolds as building blocks of complex skeletal muscle structures is then explored. Additionally, the role of external stimuli and regulators that can be applied during in vitro culture that lead to the formation of SMT models with higher functionality is examined. These include various physical, biochemical, electrical, mechanical, and magnetic stimulations, as well as biological stimulation through coculture with fibroblasts, endothelial, or neuronal cells. Finally, examples of recently developed functional tissue models that have been developed for in vitro and in vivo applications and the future outlook for this field are discussed.