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Surface CH 3 NH 3 + to CH 3 + Ratio Impacts the Work Function of Solution‐Processed and Vacuum‐Sublimed CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Thin Films
Author(s) -
Wang Rongbin,
Zhuo MingPeng,
Li Jitao,
Zhai Tianshu,
Yang Jiacheng,
Fu Keke,
Liao LiangSheng,
Liu Lijia,
Duhm Steffen
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
advanced materials interfaces
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.671
H-Index - 65
ISSN - 2196-7350
DOI - 10.1002/admi.201801827
Subject(s) - x ray photoelectron spectroscopy , materials science , work function , analytical chemistry (journal) , ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy , stoichiometry , valence (chemistry) , thin film , spectroscopy , dissociation (chemistry) , crystallography , chemistry , layer (electronics) , nanotechnology , nuclear magnetic resonance , physics , organic chemistry , chromatography , quantum mechanics
CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 thin films are fabricated using several representative synthesis methods such as spin‐coating, evaporation, and a combination of the two. These methods, which frequently occur in reported literatures, use the same precursors PbI 2 and CH 3 NH 3 I but differ in how the two are mixed. It is found that the latter plays a vital role in determining the surface morphology, composition, and grain size of the films, even when the same stoichiometric ratio of the precursors is used. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the amount of CH 3 + ‐type defects, which results from CH 3 NH 3 I dissociation, is sensitive to both the physical state of CH 3 NH 3 I and the order of mixing sequence. The variation of the CH 3 NH 3 + :CH 3 + ratio also affects the valence band and the work function of the corresponding films, as revealed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the energy‐level alignment between the perovskite film and a model hole transport layer, N,N′‐di(1‐naphthyl)‐N,N′‐diphenylbenzidine (NPB) is examined. It is found that the CH 3 NH 3 + :CH 3 + ratio correlates with the offsets between the valence band maximum of perovskite film and the highest occupied molecular orbital of NPB as well, and the energy‐level alignment with the dual‐source, coevaporated CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 film is most suitable for efficient hole transport.