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Linear Electro‐Optic Modulation in Highly Polarizable Organic Perovskites
Author(s) -
Sun MengJia,
Zheng Chao,
Gao Yuan,
Johnston Andrew,
Najarian Amin Morteza,
Wang PeiXi,
Voznyy Oleksandr,
Hoogland Sjoerd,
Sargent Edward H.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.707
H-Index - 527
eISSN - 1521-4095
pISSN - 0935-9648
DOI - 10.1002/adma.202006368
Subject(s) - polarizability , materials science , perovskite (structure) , silicon , silicon photonics , optoelectronics , photonics , halide , molecule , optical modulator , nanotechnology , inorganic chemistry , crystallography , organic chemistry , phase modulation , chemistry , phase (matter)
Electrical‐to‐optical signal conversion is widely employed in information technology and is implemented using on‐chip optical modulators. State‐of‐the‐art modulator technologies are incompatible with silicon manufacturing techniques: inorganic nonlinear crystals such as LiNbO 3 are integrated with silicon photonic chips only using complex approaches, and hybrid silicon–LiNbO 3 optical modulators show either low bandwidth or high operating voltage. Organic perovskites are solution‐processed materials readily integrated with silicon photonics; and organic molecules embedded within the perovskite scaffold allow in principle for high polarizability. However, it is found that the large molecules required for high polarizability also require an increase of the size of the perovskite cavity: specifically, using the highly polarizable DR 2+ (R = H, F, Cl) in the A site necessitates the exploration of new X‐site options. Only by introducing BF 4 – as the X‐site molecule is it possible to synthesize (DCl)(NH 4 )(BF 4 ) 3 , a material exhibiting a linear EO coefficient of 20 pm V –1 , which is 10 times higher than that of metal halide perovskites and is a 1.5 fold enhancement compared to reported organic perovskites. The EO response of the organic perovskite approaches that of LiNbO 3 ( r eff ≈ 30 pm V –1 ) and highlights the promise of rationally designed organic perovskites for use in efficient EO modulators.