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Designing Stimuli‐Responsive Upconversion Nanoparticles that Exploit the Tumor Microenvironment
Author(s) -
Ovais Muhammad,
Mukherjee Sudip,
Pramanik Arindam,
Das Devlina,
Mukherjee Anubhab,
Raza Abida,
Chen Chunying
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
advanced materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.707
H-Index - 527
eISSN - 1521-4095
pISSN - 0935-9648
DOI - 10.1002/adma.202000055
Subject(s) - photon upconversion , tumor microenvironment , nanoparticle , materials science , nanotechnology , tumor hypoxia , biophysics , cancer research , tumor cells , biology , optoelectronics , medicine , luminescence , radiation therapy
Tailoring personalized cancer nanomedicines demands detailed understanding of the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, smart upconversion nanoparticles with the ability to exploit the unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment for precise targeting have been designed. To activate upconversion nanoparticles, various bio‐physicochemical characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, namely, acidic pH, redox reactants, and hypoxia, are exploited. Stimuli‐responsive upconversion nanoparticles also utilize the excessive presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), riboflavin, and Zn 2+ in tumors. An overview of the design of stimulus‐responsive upconversion nanoparticles that precisely target and respond to tumors via targeting the tumor microenvironment and intracellular signals is provided. Detailed understanding of the tumor microenvironment and the personalized design of upconversion nanoparticles will result in more effective clinical translation.