Premium
Strategies for High‐Performance Solid‐State Triplet–Triplet‐Annihilation‐Based Photon Upconversion
Author(s) -
Lin TingAn,
Perkinson Collin F.,
Baldo Marc A.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
advanced materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.707
H-Index - 527
eISSN - 1521-4095
pISSN - 0935-9648
DOI - 10.1002/adma.201908175
Subject(s) - photon upconversion , materials science , annihilation , optoelectronics , solid state lighting , excitation , photochemistry , solid state , nanotechnology , chemistry , doping , physics , light emitting diode , quantum mechanics
Photon upconversion via triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) has achieved high efficiencies in solution and within polymer matrices that support molecular migration systems. It has diverse potential applications including bioimaging, optical sensors, and photovoltaics. To date, however, the reported performance of TTA in rigid solid‐state systems is substantially inferior, which may complicate the integration of TTA in other solid‐state devices. Here, solid‐state loss mechanisms in a green‐to‐blue upconversion system are investigated, and three specific losses are identified: energy back transfer, sensitizer aggregation, and triplet–charge annihilation. Strategies are demonstrated to mitigate energy back transfer and sensitizer aggregation, and a completely dry‐processed solid‐state TTA upconversion system having an upconversion efficiency of ≈2.5% (by the convention of maximum efficiency being 100%) at a relatively low excitation intensity of 238 mW cm −2 is reported. This device is the first demonstration of dry‐processed solid‐state TTA comparable to solution‐processed solid‐state systems. The strategies reported here can be generalized to other upconversion systems and offer a route to achieving higher‐performance solid‐state TTA upconversion devices that are compatible with applications sensitive to solvent damage.