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Chemical Approaches to Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free Catalysts
Author(s) -
Liu Dong,
Dai Liming,
Lin Xuanni,
Chen JianFeng,
Zhang Jian,
Feng Xinliang,
Müllen Klaus,
Zhu Xiang,
Dai Sheng
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
advanced materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.707
H-Index - 527
eISSN - 1521-4095
pISSN - 0935-9648
DOI - 10.1002/adma.201804863
Subject(s) - catalysis , nanotechnology , materials science , renewable energy , noble metal , clean energy , carbon fibers , biochemical engineering , metal , environmental science , chemistry , organic chemistry , engineering , metallurgy , environmental protection , composite number , electrical engineering , composite material
Highly active and durable catalysts play a key role in clean energy technologies. However, the high cost, low reserves, and poor stability of noble‐metal‐based catalysts have hindered the large‐scale development of renewable energy. Owing to their low cost, earth abundance, high activity, and excellent stability, carbon‐based metal‐free catalysts (CMFCs) are promising alternatives to precious‐metal‐based catalysts. Although many synthetic methods based on solution, surface/interface, solid state, and noncovalent chemistries have been developed for producing numerous CMFCs with diverse structures and functionalities, there is still a lack of effective approaches to precisely control the structures of active sites. Therefore, novel chemical approaches are needed for the development of highly active and durable CMFCs that are capable of replacing precious‐metal catalysts for large‐scale applications. Herein, a comprehensive and critical review on chemical approaches to CMFCs is given by summarizing important advancements, current challenges, and future perspectives in this emerging field. Through such a critical review, our understanding of CMFCs and the associated synthetic processes will be significantly increased.