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Expanding the Toolbox of Upconversion Nanoparticles for In Vivo Optogenetics and Neuromodulation
Author(s) -
All Angelo Homayoun,
Zeng Xiao,
Teh Daniel Boon Loong,
Yi Zhigao,
Prasad Ankshita,
Ishizuka Toru,
Thakor Nitish,
Hiromu Yawo,
Liu Xiaogang
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
advanced materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.707
H-Index - 527
eISSN - 1521-4095
pISSN - 0935-9648
DOI - 10.1002/adma.201803474
Subject(s) - optogenetics , neuromodulation , photon upconversion , materials science , neuroscience , neural activity , toolbox , nanotechnology , computer science , stimulation , optoelectronics , biology , luminescence , programming language
Optogenetics is an optical technique that exploits visible light for selective neuromodulation with spatio‐temporal precision. Despite enormous effort, the effective stimulation of targeted neurons, which are located in deeper structures of the nervous system, by visible light, remains a technical challenge. Compared to visible light, near‐infrared illumination offers a higher depth of tissue penetration owing to a lower degree of light attenuation. Herein, an overview of advances in developing new modalities for neural circuitry modulation utilizing upconversion‐nanoparticle‐mediated optogenetics is presented. These developments have led to minimally invasive optical stimulation and inhibition of neurons with substantially improved selectivity, sensitivity, and spatial resolution. The focus is to provide a comprehensive review of the mechanistic basis for evaluating upconversion parameters, which will be useful in designing, executing, and reporting optogenetic experiments.