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Phase Transition Control for High Performance Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Solar Cells
Author(s) -
Zhang Xu,
Munir Rahim,
Xu Zhuo,
Liu Yucheng,
Tsai Hsinhan,
Nie Wanyi,
Li Jianbo,
Niu Tianqi,
Smilgies DetlefM.,
Kanatzidis Mercouri G.,
Mohite Aditya D.,
Zhao Kui,
Amassian Aram,
Liu Shengzhong Frank
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
advanced materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.707
H-Index - 527
eISSN - 1521-4095
pISSN - 0935-9648
DOI - 10.1002/adma.201707166
Subject(s) - materials science , nucleation , perovskite (structure) , crystallization , energy conversion efficiency , phase (matter) , phase transition , semiconductor , chemical engineering , crystallography , optoelectronics , chemical physics , condensed matter physics , thermodynamics , chemistry , physics , organic chemistry , engineering
Ruddlesden–Popper reduced‐dimensional hybrid perovskite (RDP) semiconductors have attracted significant attention recently due to their promising stability and excellent optoelectronic properties. Here, the RDP crystallization mechanism in real time from liquid precursors to the solid film is investigated, and how the phase transition kinetics influences phase purity, quantum well orientation, and photovoltaic performance is revealed. An important template‐induced nucleation and growth of the desired (BA) 2 (MA) 3 Pb 4 I 13 phase, which is achieved only via direct crystallization without formation of intermediate phases, is observed. As such, the thermodynamically preferred perpendicular crystal orientation and high phase purity are obtained. At low temperature, the formation of intermediate phases, including PbI 2 crystals and solvate complexes, slows down intercalation of ions and increases nucleation barrier, leading to formation of multiple RDP phases and orientation randomness. These insights enable to obtain high quality (BA) 2 (MA) 3 Pb 4 I 13 films with preferentially perpendicular quantum well orientation, high phase purity, smooth film surface, and improved optoelectronic properties. The resulting devices exhibit high power conversion efficiency of 12.17%. This work should help guide the perovskite community to better control Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite structure and further improve optoelectronic and solar cell devices.