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Symmetrization of the Crystal Lattice of MAPbI 3 Boosts the Performance and Stability of Metal–Perovskite Photodiodes
Author(s) -
Shi Zhifang,
Zhang Yi,
Cui Chao,
Li Binghan,
Zhou Wenjia,
Ning Zhijun,
Mi Qixi
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
advanced materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.707
H-Index - 527
eISSN - 1521-4095
pISSN - 0935-9648
DOI - 10.1002/adma.201701656
Subject(s) - materials science , perovskite (structure) , formamidinium , photodiode , optoelectronics , semiconductor , single crystal , symmetrization , photovoltaics , triiodide , nanotechnology , crystallography , photovoltaic system , chemistry , electrical engineering , engineering , mathematical analysis , mathematics , electrode , dye sensitized solar cell , electrolyte
Semiconducting lead triiodide perovskites ( A PbI 3 ) have shown remarkable performance in applications including photovoltaics and electroluminescence. Despite many theoretical possibilities for A + in A PbI 3 , the current experimental knowledge is largely limited to two of these materials: methylammonium (MA + ) and formamidinium (FA + ) lead triiodides, neither of which adopts the ideal, cubic perovskite structure at room temperature. Here, a volume‐based criterion is proposed for cubic A PbI 3 to be stable, and two perovskite materials MA 1− x EA x PbI 3 (MEPI, EA + = ethylammonium) and MA 1− y DMA y PbI 3 (MDPI, DMA + = dimethylammonium) are introduced. Powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that MEPI and MDPI are solid solutions possessing the cubic perovskite structure, and the EA + and DMA + cations play similar roles in the symmetrization of the crystal lattice of MAPbI 3 . Single crystals of MEPI and MDPI are grown and made into plates of a range of thicknesses, and then into metal–perovskite photodiodes. These devices exhibit tripled diffusion lengths and about tenfold enhancement in stability against moisture, both relative to the current benchmark MAPbI 3 . In this study, the systematic approach to materials design and device fabrication greatly expands the candidate pool of perovskite semiconductors, and paves the way for high‐performance, single‐crystal perovskite devices including solar cells and light emitters.