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Recent Advances in Design and Fabrication of Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Safe Theranostic Applications
Author(s) -
Gu Zhanjun,
Yan Liang,
Tian Gan,
Li Shoujian,
Chai Zhifang,
Zhao Yuliang
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
advanced materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 10.707
H-Index - 527
eISSN - 1521-4095
pISSN - 0935-9648
DOI - 10.1002/adma.201301197
Subject(s) - nanotechnology , photon upconversion , materials science , biocompatible material , surface modification , autofluorescence , nanomedicine , photodynamic therapy , nanoparticle , luminescence , fluorescence , optoelectronics , biomedical engineering , chemistry , medicine , physics , quantum mechanics , organic chemistry
Lanthanide (Ln) doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have attracted enormous attention in the recent years due to their unique upconversion luminescent properties that enable the conversion of low‐energy photons (near infrared photons) into high‐energy photons (visible to ultraviolet photons) via the multiphoton processes. This feature makes them ideal for bioimaging applications with attractive advantages such as no autofluorescence from biotissues and a large penetration depth. In addition, by incorporating advanced features, such as specific targeting, multimodality imaging and therapeutic delivery, the application of UCNPs has been dramatically expanded. In this review, we first summarize the recent developments in the fabrication strategies of UCNPs with the desired size, enhanced and tunable upconversion luminescence, as well as the combined multifunctionality. We then discuss the chemical methods applied for UCNPs surface functionalization to make these UCNPs biocompatible and water‐soluble, and further highlight some representative examples of using UCNPs for in vivo bioimaging, NIR‐triggered drug/gene delivery applications and photodynamic therapy. In the perspectives, we discuss the need of systematically nanotoxicology data for rational designs of UCNPs materials, their surface chemistry in safer biomedical applications. The UCNPs can actually provide an ideal multifunctionalized platform for solutions to many key issues in the front of medical sciences such as theranostics, individualized therapeutics, multimodality medicine, etc.