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Bioactive, Ion‐Releasing PMMA Bone Cement Filled with Functional Graphenic Materials
Author(s) -
Wright Zoe M.,
Pandit Avanti M.,
Karpinsky Michelle M.,
Holt Brian D.,
Zovinka Edward P.,
Sydlik Stefanie A.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced healthcare materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.288
H-Index - 90
eISSN - 2192-2659
pISSN - 2192-2640
DOI - 10.1002/adhm.202001189
Subject(s) - materials science , cement , bone cement , flexural strength , composite material , curing (chemistry) , compressive strength , graphene , nanotechnology
Graphene oxide and functionalized graphenic materials (FGMs) have promise as platforms for imparting programmable bioactivity to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐based bone cement. To date, however, graphenic fillers have only been feasible in PMMA cements at extremely low loadings, limiting the bioactive effects. At higher loadings, graphenic fillers decrease cement strength by aggregating and interfering with curing process. Here, these challenges are addressed by combining bioactive FGM fillers with a custom cement formulation. These cements contain an order of magnitude more graphenic filler than previous reports. Even at 1 wt% FGM, these cements have compressive strengths of 78– 88 MPa, flexural strengths of 74–81 MPa, and flexural stiffnesses of 1.8–1.9 GPa, surpassing the ASTM requirements for bone cement and competing with traditional PMMA cement. Further, by utilizing designer FGMs with programmed bioactivity, these cements demonstrate controlled release of osteogenic calcium ions (releasing a total of 5 ± 2 µmol of Ca2+ per gram of cement over 28 d) and stimulate a 290% increase in expression of alkaline phosphatase in human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Also, design criteria are described to guide creation of future generations of bone cements that utilize FGMs as platforms to achieve dynamic biological activity.