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Self‐Normalized Detection of ANXA3 from Untreated Urine of Prostate Cancer Patients without Digital Rectal Examination
Author(s) -
Jeun Minhong,
Park Sungwook,
Kim Yongdeok,
Choi Jaewon,
Song Sang Hoon,
Jeong In Gab,
Kim ChoungSoo,
Lee Kwan Hyi
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
advanced healthcare materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.288
H-Index - 90
eISSN - 2192-2659
pISSN - 2192-2640
DOI - 10.1002/adhm.201700449
Subject(s) - urine , prostate cancer , rectal examination , medicine , cancer , prostate , biomarker , urinary system , urology , biology , biochemistry
A noninvasive quantitative assay that is capable of identifying prostate cancer biomarkers in untreated urine is an attractive diagnosis tool, but this method is subject to various obstacles. Difficulties presented by untreated urine include varying salt concentrations, and pH levels that may be different even though they are from the same patient. Untreated urine also presents interference from other biomolecules and possesses a fewer number of cancer biomarkers than can be found in serum. As a result, urine preconditioning processes and digital rectal examination (DRE) to increase biomarker secretion are mandatory in current urine assays. To address these challenges, an ion‐responsive urine sensor (IRUS) that measures differential electrical signals is proposed as a self‐normalized detection method. The proposed IRUS is based on a FET biosensor with a disposable sensing gate and has the capability to detect the prostate cancer antigen ANXA3 in untreated patient urine. The IRUS can detect ANXA3 at <1 fg mL −1 with high reliability. In addition, it is found that ANXA3 levels in urine show clinically significant correlation with real tumor volumes. This paper provides a guideline in developing a clinically ready accurate noninvasive platform, which is capable of predicting prostate cancer using untreated urine without DRE.