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Revealing the Various Electrochemical Behaviors of Sn 4 P 3 Binary Alloy Anodes in Alkali Metal Ion Batteries
Author(s) -
Zhou Junhua,
Lian Xueyu,
You Yizhou,
Shi Qitao,
Liu Yu,
Yang Xiaoqin,
Liu Lijun,
Wang Dan,
Choi JinHo,
Sun Jingyu,
Yang Ruizhi,
Rummeli Mark H.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced functional materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.069
H-Index - 322
eISSN - 1616-3028
pISSN - 1616-301X
DOI - 10.1002/adfm.202102047
Subject(s) - materials science , anode , alkali metal , electrolyte , electrochemistry , lithium (medication) , alloy , dendrite (mathematics) , chemical engineering , electrode , composite material , chemistry , medicine , geometry , mathematics , organic chemistry , engineering , endocrinology
Sn 4 P 3 binary alloy anode has attracted much attention, not only because of the synergistic effect of P and Sn, but also its universal popularity in alkali metal ion batteries (AIBs), including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), and potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). However, the alkali metal ion (A + ) storage and capacity attenuation mechanism of Sn 4 P 3 anodes in AIBs are not well understood. Herein, a combination of ex situ X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and density functional theory calculations reveals that the Sn 4 P 3 anode undergoes segregation of Sn and P, followed by the intercalation of A + in P and then in Sn. In addition, differential electrochemical curves and ex situ XPS results demonstrate that the deep insertion of A + in P and Sn, especially in P, contributes to the reduction in capacity of AIBs. Serious sodium metal dendrite growth causes further reduction in the capacity of SIBs, while in PIBs it is the unstable solid electrolyte interphase and sluggish dynamics that lead to capacity decay. Not only the failure mechanism, including structural deterioration, unstable SEI, dendrite growth, and sluggish kinetics, but also the modification strategy and systematic analysis method provide theoretical guidance for the development of other alloy‐based anode materials.