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Revealing the Perovskite Film Formation Using the Gas Quenching Method by In Situ GIWAXS: Morphology, Properties, and Device Performance
Author(s) -
Szostak Rodrigo,
Sanchez Sandy,
Marchezi Paulo E.,
Marques Adriano S.,
Silva Jeann C.,
Holanda Matheus S.,
Hagfeldt Anders,
Tolentino Hélio C. N.,
Nogueira Ana F.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced functional materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.069
H-Index - 322
eISSN - 1616-3028
pISSN - 1616-301X
DOI - 10.1002/adfm.202007473
Subject(s) - materials science , perovskite (structure) , chemical engineering , deposition (geology) , quenching (fluorescence) , halide , solvent , phase (matter) , morphology (biology) , spin coating , metal , thin film , nanotechnology , inorganic chemistry , organic chemistry , optics , chemistry , genetics , engineering , fluorescence , biology , physics , paleontology , sediment , metallurgy
The optoelectronic properties, morphology, and consequently the performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells are directly related to the crystalline phases and intermediates formed during film preparation. The gas quenching method is compatible with large‐area deposition, but an understanding of how this method influences these properties and performance is scarce in the literature. Here, in situ grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering is employed during spin coating deposition to gain insights on the formation of MAPbI 3 and Cs x FA 1− x Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 perovskites, comparing the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 2‐methyl‐ n ‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as coordinative solvents. Intermediates formed using DMSO depend on the perovskite composition (e.g., Cs content), while for NMP the same intermediate [PbI 2 (NMP)] is formed independently on the composition. For MAPbI 3 and Cs x FA 1− x Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 with a small amount of Cs (10% and 20%), the best efficiencies are achieved using NMP, while the use of DMSO is preferred for higher (30% and 40%) amount of Cs. The inhibition of the 2H/4H hexagonal phase when using NMP is crucial for the final performance. These findings provide a deep understanding about the formation mechanism in multication perovskites and assist the community to choose the best solvent for the desired perovskite composition aiming to perovskite‐on‐silicon tandem solar cells.