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Multiple Active Sites Carbonaceous Anodes for Na + Storage: Synthesis, Electrochemical Properties and Reaction Mechanism Analysis
Author(s) -
Lu Yun,
Shin Kang Ho,
Yu Yufeng,
Hu Yezhou,
Liang Jianing,
Chen Ke,
Yuan Haocheng,
Park Ho Seok,
Wang Deli
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
advanced functional materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.069
H-Index - 322
eISSN - 1616-3028
pISSN - 1616-301X
DOI - 10.1002/adfm.202007247
Subject(s) - anode , electrochemistry , materials science , electrolyte , ion , chemical engineering , nanotechnology , energy storage , diffusion , electrode , chemistry , organic chemistry , power (physics) , physics , quantum mechanics , engineering , thermodynamics
Abstract Owing to the earth‐abundant resources, cost effective materials and stable electrochemical properties, sodium‐ions batteries (SIBs) show long‐term potential in responding to the rapid consumption of lithium resources and the ever‐increasing development of new energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the intrinsic properties of the large ion radius (Na + 1.02 Å vs Li + 0.76 Å) and positive reduction potential (Na/Na + −2.71 V vs Li/Li + −3.04 V) may impede ion diffusion, thus causing serious volume expansion, resulting in poor cycling stability. To address these issues, the incorporation of active sites into carbonaceous anode is considered as an efficient strategy to enhance interfacial compatibility, enlarge interlayer distance, and supply reversible Faradic pseudo‐capacitance. Herein, the multiple active sites carbonaceous anodes for SIBs anode are comprehensively reviewed. Typically, carbonaceous materials are categorized into diffusion and surface controlled based on Na storage mechanism, and the concepts of intrinsic/extrinsic active sites are proposed according to the types of active sites. Furthermore, to reveal the reaction kinetics and guide the rational design of high performance anodes, the (spectro) electrochemical analysis methods and corresponding key parameters are introduced. Additionally, primary superiorities, essential issues, and supposed solutions of multiple active sites carbonaceous Na anodes are discussed and the future development directions are also proposed. This review may provide new design thoughts for high performance carbonaceous Na storage anodes.