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A New Family of Ultralow Loss Reversible Phase‐Change Materials for Photonic Integrated Circuits: Sb 2 S 3 and Sb 2 Se 3
Author(s) -
Delaney Matthew,
Zeimpekis Ioannis,
Lawson Daniel,
Hewak Daniel W.,
Muskens Otto L.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
advanced functional materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.069
H-Index - 322
eISSN - 1616-3028
pISSN - 1616-301X
DOI - 10.1002/adfm.202002447
Subject(s) - materials science , photonics , optoelectronics , chalcogenide , nanophotonics , insertion loss , electronic circuit , figure of merit , photonic integrated circuit , absorption (acoustics) , refractive index , waveguide , phase (matter) , laser , optics , electrical engineering , physics , quantum mechanics , composite material , engineering
Phase‐change materials (PCMs) are seeing tremendous interest for their use in reconfigurable photonic devices; however, the most common PCMs exhibit a large absorption loss in one or both states. Here, Sb 2 S 3 and Sb 2 Se 3 are demonstrated as a class of low loss, reversible alternatives to the standard commercially available chalcogenide PCMs. A contrast of refractive index of Δ n = 0.60 for Sb 2 S 3 and Δ n = 0.77 for Sb 2 Se 3 is reported, while maintaining very low losses ( k < 10 −5 ) in the telecommunications C‐band at 1550 nm. With a stronger absorption in the visible spectrum, Sb 2 Se 3 allows for reversible optical switching using conventional visible wavelength lasers. Here, a stable switching endurance of better than 4000 cycles is demonstrated. To deal with the essentially zero intrinsic absorption losses, a new figure of merit (FOM) is introduced taking into account the measured waveguide losses when integrating these materials onto a standard silicon photonics platform. The FOM of 29 rad phase shift per dB of loss for Sb 2 Se 3 outperforms Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 by two orders of magnitude and paves the way for on‐chip programmable phase control. These truly low‐loss switchable materials open up new directions in programmable integrated photonic circuits, switchable metasurfaces, and nanophotonic devices.