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Revealing the Dynamics of Hybrid Metal Halide Perovskite Formation via Multimodal In Situ Probes
Author(s) -
Song TzeBin,
Yuan Zhenghao,
Mori Megumi,
Motiwala Faizan,
Segev Gideon,
Masquelier Eloïse,
Stan Camelia V.,
Slack Jonathan L.,
Tamura Nobumichi,
SutterFella Carolin M.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
advanced functional materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.069
H-Index - 322
eISSN - 1616-3028
pISSN - 1616-301X
DOI - 10.1002/adfm.201908337
Subject(s) - materials science , photoluminescence , nucleation , in situ , halide , annealing (glass) , perovskite (structure) , iodide , chemical engineering , nanoscopic scale , nanotechnology , inorganic chemistry , optoelectronics , chemistry , organic chemistry , engineering , composite material
The exploration of the synthetic space of halide perovskites hinges on an enormous number of parameters requiring time‐consuming experimentation to decouple and optimize. Here, the formation of the prototype material CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPbI 3 ) is investigated at different time and length scales using multimodal in situ measurements to monitor the evolution of crystalline phases, morphology, and photoluminescence as a function of the lead precursors. Kinetically fast formation of crystalline precursor phases already during the spin‐coat deposition is observed using lead iodide (PbI 2 ) or lead chloride (PbCl 2 ) routes. These precursor phases most likely template final MAPbI 3 film morphology. In particular, the emergence of the “needle‐like” structure is shown to appear before film annealing. In situ photoluminescence measurements suggest nanoscale nucleation followed by rapid nuclei densification and growth. Using this multimodal in situ approach, different formation pathways can be identified either via precursor phases in the PbI 2 and PbCl 2 routes or direct perovskite formation from molecular building blocks as observed in the lead acetate (PbAc 2 ) route. Correlation of in situ results with photovoltaic device performance demonstrates the power of in situ multimodal techniques, paves the way to a fast screening of synthetic parameters, and ultimately leads to controlled synthetic procedures that yield high‐efficiency devices.