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Carbon‐Interconnected Ge Nanocrystals as an Anode with Ultra‐Long‐Term Cyclability for Lithium Ion Batteries
Author(s) -
Ngo Duc Tung,
Kalubarme Ramchandra S.,
Le Hang T. T.,
Fisher John G.,
Park ChoongNyeon,
Kim IlDoo,
Park ChanJin
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
advanced functional materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.069
H-Index - 322
eISSN - 1616-3028
pISSN - 1616-301X
DOI - 10.1002/adfm.201400888
Subject(s) - materials science , anode , lithium (medication) , carbon fibers , calcination , nanocrystal , germanium , electrode , chemical engineering , electrochemistry , porosity , lithium ion battery , inert gas , nanotechnology , battery (electricity) , composite material , optoelectronics , composite number , catalysis , silicon , medicine , biochemistry , power (physics) , physics , chemistry , quantum mechanics , engineering , endocrinology
Germanium (Ge) possesses a great potential as a high‐capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries but suffers from its poor capacity retention and rate capability due to significant volume expansion by lithiation. Here, a facile synthetic route is introduced for producing nanometer‐sized Ge crystallites interconnected by carbon (GEC) via thermal decomposition of a Ge‐citrate complex followed by a calcination process in an inert atmosphere. The GEC electrode shows outstanding electrochemical performance, i.e., an almost 98.8% capacity retention of 1232 mAh g −1 , even after 1000 cycles at the rate of C/2. Importantly, a high discharge capacity of 880 mAh g −1 is maintained at the very high rate of 10 C. The excellent anode performance of GEC stems from both effective buffering of carbon anchored to the Ge nanocrystals and the high open porosity of the GEC aggregated powder with an average pore diameter of 32 nm. Furthermore, the interfacial layer formed between Ge and carbon plays an essential role in prolonging the cycle life. The GEC electrode can be successfully employed as an anode for next generation lithium ion batteries.