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Inverted Organic Solar Cells with Sol–Gel Processed High Work‐Function Vanadium Oxide Hole‐Extraction Layers
Author(s) -
Zilberberg Kirill,
Trost Sara,
Meyer Jens,
Kahn Antoine,
Behrendt Andreas,
LützenkirchenHecht Dirk,
Frahm Ronald,
Riedl Thomas
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
advanced functional materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.069
H-Index - 322
eISSN - 1616-3028
pISSN - 1616-301X
DOI - 10.1002/adfm.201101402
Subject(s) - materials science , work function , organic solar cell , x ray photoelectron spectroscopy , heterojunction , vanadium oxide , ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy , vanadium , chemical engineering , annealing (glass) , polymer solar cell , analytical chemistry (journal) , layer (electronics) , energy conversion efficiency , optoelectronics , nanotechnology , chromatography , composite material , polymer , chemistry , engineering , metallurgy
For large‐scale and high‐throughput production of organic solar cells (OSCs), liquid processing of the functional layers is desired. We demonstrate inverted bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) with a sol–gel derived V 2 O 5 hole‐extraction‐layer on top of the active organic layer. The V 2 O 5 layers are prepared in ambient air using Vanadium(V)‐oxitriisopropoxide as precursor. Without any post‐annealing or plasma treatment, a high work function of the V 2 O 5 layers is confirmed by both Kelvin probe analysis and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Using UPS and inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (IPES), we show that the electronic structure of the solution processed V 2 O 5 layers is similar to that of thermally evaporated V 2 O 5 layers which have been exposed to ambient air. Optimization of the sol gel process leads to inverted OSCs with solution based V 2 O 5 layers that show power conversion efficiencies similar to that of control devices with V 2 O 5 layers prepared in high‐vacuum.