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Outdoor Operational Stability of Indium‐Free Flexible Polymer Solar Modules Over 1 Year Studied in India, Holland, and Denmark
Author(s) -
Angmo Dechan,
Sommeling Paul M.,
Gupta Ritu,
Hösel Markus,
Gevorgyan Suren A.,
Kroon Jan M.,
Kulkarni Giridhar U.,
Krebs Frederik C.
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
advanced engineering materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.938
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1527-2648
pISSN - 1438-1656
DOI - 10.1002/adem.201400002
Subject(s) - materials science , encapsulation (networking) , indium tin oxide , pedot:pss , adhesive , polymer , nanotechnology , composite material , computer science , layer (electronics) , computer network
We present an outdoor interlaboratory stability study of fully printed and coated indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)‐free polymer solar cell modules in JNCASR Bangalore (India), ECN (Holland), and DTU (Denmark) carried over more than 1 year. The modules comprising a fully printed and coated stack (Ag grid/PEDOT:PSS/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid) were prepared in two successive generations and evaluated for outdoor operational stability according to the test protocols laid out by the International Summit on OPV stability (ISOS‐3). The modules (70–100 cm 2 active area) were encapsulated between two sheets of low‐cost plastic barrier material with the use of a UV curing adhesive. The impact of differences in the climatic conditions on the performance of the modules is highlighted and the performance of the modules under storage conditions in parallel with the outdoor study is investigated. While all Gen‐I modules failed, the best devices of Gen‐II module in which simple improvement in the encapsulation scheme (Gen‐II modules) was carried out maintained 95% of the initial performance after 1 year of outdoor testing. We provide detailed insight into the failure mode and offer a discussion on the need for improvement in flexible encapsulation. Finally, recommendations on future encapsulation schemes are also presented.