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Temperature‐Dependent Solid‐State Reactions With and Without Kirkendall Effect in Al 2 O 3 /ZnO, Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO, and Co X O Y /ZnO Oxide Thin Film Systems
Author(s) -
Zolotaryov Andriy,
Goetze Silvana,
Zierold Robert,
Novikov Dmitri,
Birajdar Balaji,
Hesse Dietrich,
Nielsch Kornelius
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
advanced engineering materials
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.938
H-Index - 114
eISSN - 1527-2648
pISSN - 1438-1656
DOI - 10.1002/adem.201000043
Subject(s) - kirkendall effect , materials science , spinel , annealing (glass) , ferromagnetism , solid solution , analytical chemistry (journal) , diffraction , scanning electron microscope , nanorod , magnetic semiconductor , ferromagnetic material properties , oxide , condensed matter physics , magnetization , nanotechnology , optoelectronics , metallurgy , semiconductor , optics , composite material , magnetic field , chemistry , physics , chromatography , quantum mechanics
Temperature‐dependent solid‐state reactions and the occurrence of the Kirkendall effect are studied in thin film oxide systems applying optical reflection microscopy, X‐ray reflectivity, (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction measurements, and SQUID magnetometry. The efficiency of the simultaneous application of different analytical methods for the precise selection and investigation of the most interesting samples is demonstrated first on the example of the Al 2 O 3 /ZnO system, for which the spinel formation after a solid‐state reaction and the formation of Kirkendall voids were already reported. The demonstrated methodology is then applied to study Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO and Co X O Y /ZnO film pairs. The investigations clearly demonstrate the temperature‐driven formation of a ferromagnetic spinel by a solid state reaction involving the Kirkendall effect in the Fe 2 O 3 /ZnO system, already after an annealing at 600 °C for 1 h. We also report on the solid state reaction in the Co X O Y /ZnO system after annealing at 700 °C for 1 h, however without the Kirkendall effect and without any evidence of ferromagnetism of the final state.