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Preclinical validation of salivary biomarkers for primary Sjögren's syndrome
Author(s) -
Hu Shen,
Gao Kai,
Pollard Rodney,
ArellanoGarcia Martha,
Zhou Hui,
Zhang Lei,
Elashoff David,
Kallenberg Cees G. M.,
Vissink Arjan,
Wong David T.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
arthritis care and research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.032
H-Index - 163
eISSN - 2151-4658
pISSN - 2151-464X
DOI - 10.1002/acr.20289
Subject(s) - biomarker , receiver operating characteristic , medicine , autoimmune disease , enolase , immunology , biology , disease , immunohistochemistry , biochemistry
Objective Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease with a variety of presenting symptoms that may delay its diagnosis. We previously discovered a number of candidate salivary biomarkers for primary SS using both mass spectrometry and expression microarray analysis. In the current study, we aimed to verify these candidate biomarkers in independent patient populations and to evaluate their predictive values for primary SS detection. Methods In total, 34 patients with primary SS, 34 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 34 healthy individuals were enrolled for the validation studies. Salivary protein biomarkers were measured using either Western blotting or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) biomarkers were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using R software, version 2.9. Results Three protein biomarkers (cathepsin D [CPD], α‐enolase, and β 2 ‐microglobulin [β 2 m]) and 3 mRNA biomarkers (myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen [MNDA], guanylate binding protein 2 [GBP‐2], and low‐affinity IIIb receptor for the Fc fragment of IgG) were significantly elevated in patients with primary SS compared with both SLE patients and healthy controls. The combination of 3 protein biomarkers, CPD, α‐enolase, and β 2 m, yielded a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) value of 0.99 in distinguishing primary SS from healthy controls. The combination of protein biomarkers β 2 m and 2 mRNA biomarkers, MNDA and GBP‐2, reached an ROC of 0.95 in discriminating primary SS from SLE. Conclusion We have successfully verified a panel of protein and mRNA biomarkers that can discriminate primary SS from both SLE and healthy controls. If further validated in patients with primary SS and those with sicca symptoms but no autoimmune disease, these biomarkers may lead to a simple yet highly discriminatory clinical tool for diagnosis of primary SS.