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Sex differences in aggression among children of low and high gender inequality backgrounds: A comparison of gender role and sexual selection theories
Author(s) -
Nivette Amy E.,
Eisner Manuel,
Malti Tina,
Ribeaud Denis
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
aggressive behavior
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.223
H-Index - 92
eISSN - 1098-2337
pISSN - 0096-140X
DOI - 10.1002/ab.21530
Subject(s) - aggression , psychology , inequality , developmental psychology , poison control , sexual selection , longitudinal study , demography , ecology , medicine , sociology , mathematical analysis , mathematics , environmental health , pathology , biology
It is well understood in aggression research that males tend to exhibit higher levels of physical aggression than females. Yet there are still a number of gaps in our understanding of variation in sex differences in children's aggression, particularly in contexts outside North America. A key assumption of social role theory is that sex differences vary according to gender polarization, whereas sexual selection theory accords variation to the ecological environment that consequently affects male competition [Archer, J. (2009). Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 32 , 249–311; Kenrick, D., & Griskevicious, V. (2009). More holes in social roles [Comment]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 32 , 283–285]. In the present paper, we explore these contradicting theoretical frameworks by examining data from a longitudinal study of a culturally diverse sample of 863 children at ages 7–13 in Zurich, Switzerland. Making use of the large proportion of children from highly diverse immigrant background we compare the size of the sex difference in aggression between children whose parents were born in countries with low and with high levels of gender inequality. The results show that sex differences in aggression are generally larger among children with parents from high gender inequality backgrounds. However, this effect is small in comparison to the direct effect of a child's biological sex. We discuss implications for future research on sex differences in children's aggression. Aggr. Behav. 40:451–464, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.