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Low‐Frequency Variability and the Unusual Indian Ocean Dipole Events in 2015 and 2016
Author(s) -
Zhang Lianyi,
Du Yan,
Cai Wenju
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
geophysical research letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.007
H-Index - 273
eISSN - 1944-8007
pISSN - 0094-8276
DOI - 10.1002/2017gl076003
Subject(s) - thermocline , indian ocean dipole , climatology , upwelling , sea surface temperature , geology , walker circulation , oceanography , environmental science
An unusual positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event occurred in 2015 associated with the 2015/2016 extreme El Niño. Unlike the canonical IOD, sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the west central tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) dominated the strong zonal SST gradient as cooling off Sumatra‐Java was weak. Over the southeastern TIO, deeper thermocline has suppressed the upwelling cooling since 2012. Such deepened thermocline related to a low‐frequency adjustment and curtailed cool anomalies in the 2015 positive IOD but favored warm anomalies in the 2016 negative IOD. Based on statistical analyses, ocean assimilation data confirm that an IOD‐like pattern exists in the TIO on decadal timescale. During a negative decadal IOD‐like phase, thermocline is deeper in the southeastern TIO; the thermocline‐SST feedback is unfavorable for positive IOD occurrence and intensity, but conducive to negative IOD events. Thus, we propose that the 2015–2016 IOD events are modulated by the low‐frequency variability of thermocline.