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P and S Velocity Structure in the Groningen Gas Reservoir From Noise Interferometry
Author(s) -
Zhou Wen,
Paulssen Hanneke
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
geophysical research letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.007
H-Index - 273
eISSN - 1944-8007
pISSN - 0094-8276
DOI - 10.1002/2017gl075592
Subject(s) - seismic interferometry , geophone , geology , borehole , anisotropy , interferometry , azimuth , vertical seismic profile , noise (video) , seismology , bruit , geodesy , geophysics , physics , optics , acoustics , image (mathematics) , geotechnical engineering , artificial intelligence , computer science , ultrasound
Noise interferometry has proven to be a powerful tool to image seismic structure. In this study we used data from 10 geophones located in a borehole at ∼3 km depth within the Groningen gas reservoir in the Netherlands. The continuous data cross correlations show that noise predominantly comes in from above. The observed daily and weekly variations further indicate that the noise has an anthropogenic origin. The direct P wave emerges from the stacked vertical component cross correlations with frequencies up to 80 Hz and the direct S wave is retrieved from the horizontal components with frequencies up to 50 Hz. The measured intergeophone travel times were used to retrieve the P and S velocity structure along the borehole, and a good agreement was found with well log data. In addition, from the S wave polarizations, we determined azimuthal anisotropy with a fast direction of N65°W±18° and an estimated magnitude of (4±2)%. The fast polarization direction corresponds to the present direction of maximum horizontal stress measured at nearby boreholes but is also similar to the estimated paleostress direction.