Lidar observations of stratospheric gravity waves from 2011 to 2015 at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.69°E), Antarctica: 1. Vertical wavelengths, periods, and frequency and vertical wave number spectra

Five years of atmospheric temperature data, collected with an Fe Boltzmann lidar by the University of Colorado group from 2011 to 2015 at Arrival Heights, are used to characterize the vertical wavelengths, periods, vertical phase speeds, frequency spectra, and vertical wave number spectra of stratospheric gravity waves from 30 to 50 km altitudes. Over 1000 dominant gravity wave events are identified from the data. The seasonal spectral distributions of vertical wavelengths, periods, and vertical phase speeds in summer, winter, and spring/fall are found obeying a lognormal distribution. Both the downward and upward phase progression gravity waves are observed by the lidar, and the fractions of gravity waves with downward phase progression increase from summer ~59% to winter ~70%. The seasonal and monthly mean vertical wavelengths and periods exhibit clear seasonal cycles with vertical wavelength growing from summer ~5.5 km to winter ~8.5 km, and period increasing from summer ~4.5 h to winter ~6 h. Statistically significant linear correlations are found between the monthly mean vertical wavelengths/periods and the mean zonal wind velocities from 30 to 50 km. Assuming horizontal phase speeds independent of month, the monthly mean horizontal wavelengths, intrinsic periods, and group velocities are estimated for stratospheric gravity waves. The slopes of wave frequency spectra change from −1.9 at 30–60 km to −1.45 around 60–65 km. The vertical wave number spectra show the power spectral density at vertical wavelengths of 5–20 km decreasing from winter maximum to summer minimum. Several aforementioned features are observed for the first time in Antarctica.