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Comprehensive assessment of PM 2.5 physicochemical properties during the Southeast Asia dry season (southwest monsoon)
Author(s) -
Khan Md Firoz,
Sulong Nor Azura,
Latif Mohd Talib,
Nadzir Mohd Shahrul Mohd,
Amil Norhaniza,
Hussain Dini Fajrina Mohd,
Lee Ver,
Hosaini Puteri Nurafidah,
Shaharom Suhana,
Yusoff Nur Amira Yasmin Mohd,
Hoque Hossain Mohammed Syedul,
Chung Jing Xiang,
Sahani Mazrura,
Mohd Tahir Norhayati,
Juneng Liew,
Maulud Khairul Nizam Abdul,
Abdullah Sharifah Mastura Syed,
Fujii Yusuke,
Tohno Susumu,
Mizohata Akira
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-8996
pISSN - 2169-897X
DOI - 10.1002/2016jd025894
Subject(s) - sea salt , coal combustion products , aerosol , environmental science , environmental chemistry , total organic carbon , particulates , coal , inorganic ions , dry season , biomass burning , combustion , mineral dust , chemistry , environmental engineering , geography , ion , cartography , organic chemistry
A comprehensive assessment of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) compositions during the Southeast Asia dry season is presented. Samples of PM 2.5 were collected between 24 June and 14 September 2014 using a high‐volume sampler. Water‐soluble ions, trace species, rare earth elements, and a range of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon were analyzed. The characterization and source apportionment of PM 2.5 were investigated. The results showed that the 24 h PM 2.5 concentration ranged from 6.64 to 68.2 µg m −3 . Meteorological driving factors strongly governed the diurnal concentration of aerosol, while the traffic in the morning and evening rush hours coincided with higher levels of CO and NO 2 . The correlation analysis for non sea‐salt K + ‐EC showed that EC is potentially associated with biomass burning events, while the formation of secondary organic carbon had a moderate association with motor vehicle emissions. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) version 5.0 identified the sources of PM 2.5 : (i) biomass burning coupled with sea salt [I] (7%), (ii) aged sea salt and mixed industrial emissions (5%), (iii) road dust and fuel oil combustion (7%), (iv) coal‐fired combustion (25%), (v) mineral dust (8%), (vi) secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) coupled with F − (15%), and (vii) motor vehicle emissions coupled with sea salt [II] (24%). Motor vehicle emissions, SIA, and coal‐fired power plant are the predominant sources contributing to PM 2.5 . The response of the potential source contribution function and Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory backward trajectory model suggest that the outline of source regions were consistent to the sources by PMF 5.0.