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Torrential rainfall responses of Typhoon Fitow (2013) to radiative processes: A three‐dimensional WRF modeling study
Author(s) -
Xu Huiyan,
Liu Rui,
Zhai Guoqing,
Li Xiaofan
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-8996
pISSN - 2169-897X
DOI - 10.1002/2016jd025479
Subject(s) - radiative cooling , radiative transfer , atmospheric sciences , environmental science , liquid water content , weather research and forecasting model , condensation , ice cloud , atmosphere (unit) , meteorology , physics , cloud computing , computer science , operating system , quantum mechanics
The three‐dimensional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to conduct sensitivity experiments of Typhoon Fitow in 2013 during its landfall. Surface rainfall and heat budgets as well as the vertical profiles of stability and vertical velocity are analyzed to examine physical processes responsible for radiative effects on rainfall. The inclusion of radiative effects of liquid clouds suppresses radiative cooling in liquid cloud layers via reducing outgoing radiation to ice cloud layers, whereas it enhances radiative cooling in ice cloud layers through trapping less radiation from liquid cloud layers. The enhanced radiative cooling decreases from ice cloud layers to liquid cloud layers. The suppressed stability and vertical mass convergence increase. Thus, heat divergence is weakened to warm the atmosphere, which reduces net condensation and rainfall. The inclusion of radiative effects of ice clouds suppressed radiative cooling by reducing outgoing radiation. The suppressed radiative cooling reduces from ice cloud layers to liquid cloud layers, and the suppressed instability and vertical mass convergence decrease when radiative effects of liquid clouds are present. As a result, heat divergence is strengthened to cool the atmosphere, which increases net condensation and rainfall. The suppressed radiative cooling increases temperature and reduces net condensation and rainfall when radiative effects of liquid clouds are absent.