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Polarimetric radar characteristics of storms with and without lightning activity
Author(s) -
Mattos Enrique V.,
Machado Luiz A. T.,
Williams Earle R.,
Albrecht Rachel I.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: atmospheres
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-8996
pISSN - 2169-897X
DOI - 10.1002/2016jd025142
Subject(s) - graupel , lightning (connector) , polarimetry , storm , radar , meteorology , differential phase , atmospheric sciences , convective storm detection , environmental science , weather radar , remote sensing , ice crystals , geology , physics , phase (matter) , optics , scattering , telecommunications , power (physics) , quantum mechanics , computer science
This paper analyzes the cloud microphysics in different layers of storms as a function of three‐dimensional total lightning density. A mobile X‐band polarimetric radar and very high frequency (VHF) sources from Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) observations during the 2011/2012 Brazil spring‐summer were used to determine the microphysical signatures of radar vertical profiles and lightning density. This study quantified the behavior of 5.3 million vertical profiles of the horizontal reflectivity ( Z H ), differential reflectivity ( Z DR ), specific differential phase ( K DP ), and correlation coefficient ( ρ HV ). The principal changes in the polarimetric variables occurred only for VHF source rate density greater than 14 VHF sources per km 2 in 4 min. These storms showed an enhanced positive K DP in the mixed 1 layer (from 0 to −15°C) probably associated with supercooled liquid water signatures, whereas regions with negative Z DR and K DP and moderate Z H in the mixed 2 layer (from −15 to −40°C) were possibly associated with the presence of conical graupel. The glaciated (above −40°C) and upper part of the mixed 2 layers showed a significant trend to negative K DP with an increase in lightning density, in agreement with vertical alignment of ice particle by the cloud electric field. A conceptual model that presents the microphysical signatures in storms with and without lightning activity was constructed. The observations documented in this study provide an understanding of how the combinations of polarimetric variables could help to identify storms with different lightning density and vice versa.