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ARTEMIS observations of terrestrial ionospheric molecular ion outflow at the Moon
Author(s) -
Poppe A. R.,
Fillingim M. O.,
Halekas J. S.,
Raeder J.,
Angelopoulos V.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
geophysical research letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.007
H-Index - 273
eISSN - 1944-8007
pISSN - 0094-8276
DOI - 10.1002/2016gl069715
Subject(s) - exosphere , ionosphere , magnetosphere , physics , magnetopause , geophysics , outflow , astrobiology , magnetohydrodynamic drive , ion , atmospheric sciences , magnetohydrodynamics , plasma , meteorology , quantum mechanics
The Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) spacecraft observes outflowing molecular ionospheric ions at lunar distances in the terrestrial magnetotail. The heavy ion fluxes are observed during geomagnetically disturbed times and consist of mainly molecular species ( N 2 + , NO + , andO 2 + , approximately masses 28–32 amu) on the order of 10 5 –10 6 cm −2 s −1 at nearly identical velocities as concurrently present protons. By performing backward particle tracing in time‐dependent electromagnetic fields from the magnetohydrodynamic Open Global Geospace Circulation Model of the terrestrial magnetosphere, we show that the ions escape the inner magnetosphere through magnetopause shadowing near noon and are subsequently accelerated to common velocities down the low‐latitude boundary layer to lunar distances. At the Moon, the observed molecular ion outflow can sputter significant fluxes of neutral species into the lunar exosphere while also delivering nitrogen and oxygen to the lunar volatile inventory.