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Extraordinary sediment delivery and rapid geomorphic response following the 2008–2009 eruption of Chaitén Volcano, Chile
Author(s) -
Major Jon J.,
Bertin Daniel,
Pierson Thomas C.,
Amigo Álvaro,
Iroumé Andrés,
Ulloa Héctor,
Castro Jonathan
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
water resources research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.863
H-Index - 217
eISSN - 1944-7973
pISSN - 0043-1397
DOI - 10.1002/2015wr018250
Subject(s) - aggradation , geology , tephra , geomorphology , sediment transport , lava , pyroclastic rock , volcano , fluvial , sediment , bed load , delta , progradation , traction (geology) , pumice , hydrology (agriculture) , geochemistry , geotechnical engineering , structural basin , aerospace engineering , facies , engineering
The 10 day explosive phase of the 2008–2009 eruption of Chaitén volcano, Chile, draped adjacent watersheds with a few cm to >1 m of tephra. Subsequent lava‐dome collapses generated pyroclastic flows that delivered additional sediment. During the waning phase of explosive activity, modest rainfall triggered an extraordinary sediment flush which swiftly aggraded multiple channels by many meters. Ten kilometer from the volcano, Chaitén River channel aggraded 7 m and the river avulsed through a coastal town. That aggradation and delta growth below the abandoned and avulsed channels allow estimates of postdisturbance traction‐load transport rate. On the basis of preeruption bathymetry and remotely sensed measurements of delta‐surface growth, we derived a time series of delta volume. The initial flush from 11 to 14 May 2008 deposited 0.5–1.5 × 10 6 m 3 of sediment at the mouth of Chaitén River. By 26 May, after channel avulsion, a second delta amassed about 2 × 10 6 m 3 of sediment; by late 2011 it amassed about 11 × 10 6 m 3 . Accumulated sediment consists of low‐density vesicular pumice and lithic rhyolite sand. Rates of channel aggradation and delta growth, channel width, and an assumed deposit bulk density of 1100–1500 kg m −3 indicate mean traction‐load transport rate just before and shortly after avulsion (∼14–15 May) was very high, possibly as great as several tens of kg s −1 m −1 . From October 2008 to December 2011, mean traction‐load transport rate declined from about 7 to 0.4 kg −1 m −1 . Despite extraordinary sediment delivery, disturbed channels recovered rapidly (a few years).