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River‐dominated continental shelf environments are active sites of air‐sea CO 2  exchange. We conducted 13 cruises in the northern Gulf of Mexico, a region strongly influenced by fresh water and nutrients delivered from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River system. The sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) was measured, and the air‐sea CO 2  flux was calculated. Results show that CO 2  exchange exhibited a distinct seasonality: the study area was a net sink of atmospheric CO 2  during spring and early summer, and it was neutral or a weak source of CO 2  to the atmosphere during midsummer, fall, and winter. Along the salinity gradient, across the shelf, the sea surface shifted from a source of CO 2  in low‐salinity zones (0≤S<17) to a strong CO 2  sink in the middle‐to‐high‐salinity zones (17≤S<33), and finally was a near‐neutral state in the high‐salinity areas (33≤S<35) and in the open gulf (S≥35). High  p CO 2  values were only observed in narrow regions near freshwater sources, and the distribution of undersaturated  p CO 2  generally reflected the influence of freshwater inputs along the shelf. Systematic analyses of  p CO 2  variation demonstrated the importance of riverine nitrogen export; that is, riverine nitrogen‐enhanced biological removal, along with mixing processes, dominated  p CO 2  variation along the salinity gradient. In addition, extreme or unusual weather events were observed to alter the alongshore  p CO 2  distribution and to affect regional air‐sea CO 2  flux estimates. Overall, the study region acted as a net CO 2  sink of 0.96 ± 3.7 mol m −2  yr −1  (1.15 ± 4.4 Tg C yr −1 ).

journal of geophysical research: oceans

The carbon dioxide system on the  M ississippi  R iver‐dominated continental shelf in the northern  G ulf of  M exico: 1. Distribution and air‐sea CO 2  flux