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Evolving efficiency of restraining bends within wet kaolin analog experiments
Author(s) -
Hatem Alexandra E.,
Cooke Michele L.,
Madden Elizabeth H.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: solid earth
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.983
H-Index - 232
eISSN - 2169-9356
pISSN - 2169-9313
DOI - 10.1002/2014jb011735
Subject(s) - slip (aerodynamics) , oblique case , geology , fault (geology) , geometry , mechanics , structural engineering , engineering , seismology , physics , mathematics , aerospace engineering , philosophy , linguistics
Restraining bends along strike‐slip fault systems evolve by both propagation of new faults and abandonment of fault segments. Scaled analog modeling using wet kaolin allows for qualitative and quantitative observations of this evolution. To explore how bend geometry affects evolution, we model bends with a variety of initial angles, θ , from θ = 0° for a straight fault to θ = 30°. High‐angle restraining bends ( θ ≥ 20°) overcome initial inefficiencies by abandoning unfavorably oriented restraining segments and propagating multiple new, inwardly dipping, oblique‐slip faults that are well oriented to accommodate convergence within the bend. Restraining bends with 0° < θ ≤ 15° maintain activity along the restraining bend segment and grow a single new oblique slip fault on one side of the bend. In all restraining bends, the first new fault propagates at ~5 mm of accumulated convergence. Particle Image Velocimetry analysis provides a complete velocity field throughout the experiments. From these data, we quantify the strike‐slip efficiency of the system as the percentage of applied plate‐parallel velocity accommodated as slip in the direction of plate motion along faults within the restraining bend. Bends with small θ initially have higher strike‐slip efficiency compared to bends with large θ . Although they have different fault geometries, all systems with a 5 cm bend width reach a steady strike‐slip efficiency of 80% after 50 mm of applied plate displacement. These experimental restraining bends resemble crustal faults in their asymmetric fault growth, asymmetric topographic gradient, and strike‐slip efficiency.