Precessional forced extratropical North Pacific mode and associated atmospheric dynamics

Using transient accelerated simulations of the Community Climate System Model version 3 and an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity as well as equilibrium experiments of the Community Earth System Model, we identified a response of the extratropical air‐ocean coupled system to the precessional insolation changes at orbital timescales and named this extratropical response pattern as the North Pacific mode (NPM). Corresponding to the increased/decreased boreal winter/summer insolation at 22 ka (relative to 10–8 ka), the NPM is characterized by a western warm‐eastern cold seesaw pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) over the extratropical North Pacific from November to April, a weakened winter Aleutian low and an anomalous anticyclonic circulation throughout the troposphere. This feature forms a barotropic warm‐ridge response of tropospheric temperature and geopotential height to the precessional insolation. At the surface, rainfall increases over East Asia and the Northwest Pacific, which indicates a weakened East Asian winter monsoon, while drier conditions appear over the Northeast Pacific and the western coasts of North America. Associated with a negative phase of NPM is a weaker warming over the equatorial Pacific during winter. The increased winter insolation at precessional band not only induces the in‐phase SST warming over the Northwest Pacific and the tropical Pacific, but also explains those extratropical atmospheric changes associated with NPM. The latter might be associated with the warm SST‐induced tropospheric downstream ridge response through transient eddy activities. Besides the vital role of air‐ocean interactions, the decreased summer insolation is also essential to the zonal SST seesaw of NPM at precessional band.