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Immunometabolism of human autoimmune diseases: from metabolites to extracellular vesicles
Author(s) -
Candia Paola,
De Rosa Veronica,
Gigantino Vincenzo,
Botti Gerardo,
Ceriello Antonio,
Matarese Giuseppe
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
febs letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.593
H-Index - 257
eISSN - 1873-3468
pISSN - 0014-5793
DOI - 10.1002/1873-3468.12733
Subject(s) - immune system , adipokine , biology , autoimmunity , microbiology and biotechnology , adipose tissue , extracellular , microvesicles , cell metabolism , immunology , cell , microrna , biochemistry , endocrinology , diabetes mellitus , insulin resistance , gene
Immunometabolism focuses on the mechanisms regulating the impact of metabolism on lymphocyte activity and autoimmunity outbreak. The adipose tissue is long known to release adipokines, either pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory factors bridging nutrition and immune function. More recently, adipocytes were discovered to also release extracellular vesicles ( EV s) containing a plethora of biological molecules, including metabolites and micro RNA s, which can regulate cell function/metabolism in distant tissues, suggesting that immune regulatory function by the adipose tissue may be far more complex than originally thought. Moreover, EV s were also identified as important mediators of immune cell‐to‐cell communication, adding a further microenvironmental mechanism of plasticity to fine‐tune specific lymphocyte responses. This Review will first focus on the known mechanisms by which metabolism impacts immune function, presenting a systemic (nutrition and long‐ranged adipokines) and a cellular point of view (metabolic pathway derangement in autoimmunity). It will then discuss the new discoveries concerning how EV s may act as nanometric vehicles integrating immune/metabolic responses at the level of the extracellular environment and affecting pathological processes.